【陳居淵】明清一包養行情時期的徽州易學

Huizhou academics during the Ming and Qing Dynasties have always been paid attention to by the academic circles at home and abroad, especially the discussions on Xin’an and Huizhou Practice, which has become a common practice, and the research results are also more prominent. However, from the perspective of the essence of academic practice, whether it is Xin’an Psychology or Huizhou Pubing, the “Book of Changes” has always been at its focus. This kind of sacredness has not changed from the late Southern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. It has been extended in Huizhou for nearly 800 years. It still has a remnant of wind and has since formed the “Huizhou Yixue” with the characteristics of a bright region [1]. Regarding this rich academic industry in Huizhou, no special liquidation and discussion has been seen in the academic community so far. The author did not care about the rudeness, and tried to make some rough drawings and discussions on the basic format, multi-channel orientation, academic ecology and academic value of Huizhou Yixue during the Ming and Qing dynasties, aiming to draw a bride and provide a new field worthy of opening up for the study of Huizhou’s academic civilization, in order to correct the expert.

1. The basic format of Huizhou Yixue during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

The academic civilization of Huizhou has been far-reaching, especially from the Southern Song Dynasty.Since then, Huizhou has been praised for “My Hui is the best for his literary talent” and “Hui is always a country of cultural talent”. It is one of the most developed regions in China’s modern academic civilization. For example, at that time, She County was “clear about humanities, and was eager to seek ancient times” [2], Qi Men was “a kind and elegant scholar, and a kind person” [3], Wuyuan was “she stood up and walked down the lecture platform. Ten villages were not read without reading” [4], Yi County was “a serene and swaying first” [5], Luoxi was “a serene meaning and awesome styles, and a beautiful article was comparable to Wu Yue” [6], and Xiu Ning was even more “more than a poem in the house and a strong dress” [7]. The Qing Dynasty Huang Zongxi’s “Song and Yuan Case” Among the 86 cases listed in the list, “Xin’an Case” [8] is listed in the list of 86 cases, “Xin’an Case” [8]; “Xin’an Department of Science” written by Cheng Tong, a Ming Dynasty scholarly department spent 10 academic elites in Huizhou from the Song Dynasty to the mid-Ming Dynasty. 1 person; Cheng Minzheng listed 326 celebrities from various dynasties from Huizhou listed in “Xin’an Wenzhi”, and the documents (including poems) recorded are more than 2,121, with more than 1.2 million words. It is said that “all the people of our party have summed up the righteous words and deeds of the past and correct words.” “In order to present the future generations, Chen Jubai did not quite meet the standards of Song Wei’s standards.” [9]; Among the 208 Qing cases included in Xu Shichang’s “The Confucian Case”, there are as many as 9 individual cases of Huizhou students, and among the 1,169 students, there are more than 30 famous scholars in Huizhou. For example, the “Four Library Complete Books” contains more than 200 works of Huizhou scholars of various types, including 123 works of Huizhou scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is absolutely unsupportant to say that Huizhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties was not only a place of cultural heritage, but also an academic town with many works. Especially Yixue, which was the main part of Huizhou’s academic civilization, was used as the leader’s qualities. According to Daoguang’s “Huizhou Prefecture Chronicles·Fairy Chronicles”, there were about 93 Yi scholars in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and 103 Yi scholars. In fact, this is a relatively old statistical number, which is not suitable for the actual situation of Easy to study at that time. According to the records of Qianlong’s “She County Chronicles”, Jiaqing’s “Yi County Chronicles”, Daoguang’s “Xionging County Chronicles”, Tongzhi’s “Qimen County Chronicles”, Guangchang’s “Wuyuan County Chronicles”, and the “Huizhou Prefecture Chronicles” in the Hongzhi, Jiajing and Kangxi periods and other related historical records, there were 269 famous Yi scholars in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there were as many works as 336, which is a multiple of other academic research in Huizhou. It is true that the “Yi” lacks learning by words. The specific situation of the works of Yijia and Yixue in Liuxian County in Huizhou is: She County, there are 55 Yijia, accounting for 20.4% of the total number of Huizhou, and 82 Yijia, accounting for 24.4% of the total number of Huizhou; Wuyuan, there are 133 Yijia, accounting for 49.4%, and 149 Yijia, accounting for 44.3%; Xiu Ning, 47 Yi scholars, accounting for 17.5%, 65 Yi scholars, accounting for 19.3%; Yuxi, 14 Yi scholars, accounting for 5.2%, and 17 Yi scholars, accounting for 5.0%; Yuxian, 10 Yi scholars, accounting for 3.7%, and 12 Yi scholars, accounting for 3.5%; Qimen, 10 Yi scholars, accounting for 3.7%, and 11 Yi scholars, accounting for 3.2%.

From these data, we can see that during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wuyuan and She County were the main towns of Yixue in Huizhou. Yixue and Yixue wrote the most works, higher than other counties. The two counties accounted for about 70% and 69% of Huizhou respectively. Xiuning is followed, and Yaoxi, Yixian and Qimen are followed, which together account for only 30% and 31% of Huizhou. As for the growth of Yixue and the development of Yixue between the six counties of Huizhou, Yixue or Yixue’s works in She County, Wuyuan and Luoxi were stronger in the Qing Dynasty than in the Ming Dynasty, while the Qing Dynasty was slightly weaker in the Qing Dynasty than in the Ming Dynasty, and the Yixue County was based on balance. This basic format of Huizhou Yixue in the Ming and Qing Dynasties generally continued the academic research and development of Wuyuan, She County and Xiuning since the Song and Yuan dynasties, which was higher than that of Huizhou academic traditions in Yi County, Luoxi and Qimen.

Table 1 Huizhou Yijia and Yijiao in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

The basic format of Huizhou Yijiao in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was determined by the special social history of Huizhou.

First, the prosperity of Huizhou’s teaching and the self-study activities of learning. The so-called teaching in the nature of the subject refers to the civil servants’ school independent of the government and county schools. Incomplete statistics, from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Liu County of Huizhou specially designed 104 civilian school institutions for student learning at that time [10]. Among them, there are 25 in She County, 33 in Wuyuan, 19 in Xiuning, 5 in Yixian County, 5 in Qimen, and 17 in Zhixi. They do not include temples, book halls, book houses and cultural associations similar to the nature of the school. “Huizhou Prefecture Chronicles” says: “The most prosperous Chinese Academy of Books are no more than Donglin, Jiangyou, Guanzhong, and Huizhou.” [11] This is due to historical reasons. In modern China, the Institute of Civil Affairs is a supplementary sensation for the official or county schools, and its teaching content is also based on discussion.The Confucian classics are the main focus, and the “Book of Changes”, which is the first of the Confucian “Six Books”, naturally becomes a compulsory subject in the Book Academy. Some scholars with advanced essays are often invited to take charge of the teaching activities of the school, and they often teach the “Book of Changes” to the school students, thus helping the school of the school to school wit